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<title>English studies</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">English studies</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anglicist" redirects here. For English words borrowed by others languages, see <a href="Anglicism" title="Anglicism">Anglicism</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the academic journal, see <a href="English_Studies_(journal)" title="English Studies (journal)">English Studies (journal)</a>. For the study of England and Great Britain, see <a href="British_studies" title="British studies">British studies</a>.</div>

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<p><b>English studies</b> (or simply, <b>English</b>) is an academic discipline taught in <a href="Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a>, <a href="Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a>, and <a href="Post-secondary" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-secondary">post-secondary</a> education in <a href="English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking countries</a>. This is not to be confused with <a href="English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">English taught as a foreign language</a>, which is a distinct discipline. The English studies discipline involves the study, analysis, and exploration of <a href="English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a> through <a href="Text_(literary_theory)" title="Text (literary theory)">texts</a>.

</p><p>English studies include:

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<ul><li>The study of <a href="English_literature" title="English literature">literature</a>, especially <a href="Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, <a href="Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a>, <a href="Short_story" title="Short story">short stories</a>, and <a href="Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>. Although any English-language literature may be studied, the most commonly analyzed literature originates from Britain, the United States, and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, any given country or region teaching English studies will often emphasize its own local or national English-language literature.</li>

<li>English <a href="Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">composition</a>, involving both the analysis of the structures of works of literature as well as the application of these structures in one's own writing.</li>

<li>English language arts, which is the study of <a href="Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">usage</a>, and <a href="Stylistics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylistics (linguistics)">style</a>.</li>

<li>English <a href="Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a>, including <a href="Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">discourse analysis</a> of written and spoken texts in the English language, the <a href="History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">history of the English language</a>, <a href="English_language_learning_and_teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="English language learning and teaching">English language learning and teaching</a>, and the study of <a href="World_English" class="mw-redirect" title="World English">World of English</a>.</li></ul>

<p>English <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> (<a href="Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, <a href="Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, <a href="Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, etc.) is regarded as a distinct discipline, taught in a department of linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The North American <a href="Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a> (MLA) divides English studies into two disciplines: a language-focused discipline, and a literature-focused discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At universities in non-English-speaking countries, one department often covers all aspects of English studies as well as English taught as a foreign language and English linguistics.

</p><p>It is common for departments of English to offer courses and scholarships in all areas of the English language, such as literature, <a href="Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">public speaking</a> and <a href="Speechwriter" title="Speechwriter">speech-writing</a>, <a href="Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">composition studies</a>, <a href="Creative_writing" title="Creative writing">creative writing</a>, <a href="Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and <a href="Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>, <a href="Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>, <a href="Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, <a href="Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a>, the <a href="Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>, and <a href="Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theater</a> and <a href="Playwright" title="Playwright">play-writing</a>, among many others. In most English-speaking countries, the study of texts produced in non-English languages takes place in other departments, such as departments of foreign language or <a href="Comparative_literature" title="Comparative literature">comparative literature</a>.

</p><p>English studies is taught in a wide variety of manners, but one unifying commonality is that students engage with an English-language text in a critical manner. However, the methods of teaching a text, the manner of engaging with a text, and the selection of texts are all widely-debated subjects within the English studies field.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another unifying commonality is that this engagement with the text will produce a wide variety of skills, which can translate into many different careers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fields">Fields</h2></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">

<a href="Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li>

<li><a href="Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li>

<li><a href="Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li>

<li><a href="Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li>

<li><a href="Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li>

<li><a href="Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li>

<li><a href="Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">

Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist">

<li><a href="Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a>

<ul><li><a href="Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul>

Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li>

<li><a href="Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li>

<li><a href="Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li>

<li><a href="Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li>

<li><a href="Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li>

<li><a href="Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li>

<li><a href="Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li>

<li><a href="Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">

Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist">

<a href="Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Children's_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li>

<li><a href="Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li>

<li><a href="Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a>

<ul><li><a href="Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li>

<li><a href="Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li>

<li><a href="Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li>

<li><a href="Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li>

<li><a href="Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li>

<li><a href="Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li>

<li><a href="Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a>

<ul><li><a href="History" title="History">history</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li>

<li><a href="Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li>

<li><a href="Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li>

<li><a href="Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li>

<li><a href="Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">

Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist">

<a href="Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Children's_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li>

<li><a href="Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li>

<li><a href="National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li>

<li><a href="Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li>

<li><a href="Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li>

<li><a href="Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li>

<li><a href="Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li>

<li><a href="Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<li><a href="List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">

Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li>

<li><a href="Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li>

<li><a href="Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li>

<li><a href="Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">

<a href="History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li>

<li><a href="Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li>

<li><a href="Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">

Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_literary_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">Lacuna</a></li></ul></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;">

<a href="Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li>

<li><a href="Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">

<span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALiterature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p><i>See also</i> <a href="#Literature_and_cultural_studies">Literature</a> and <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, along with <a href="List_of_academic_disciplines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of academic disciplines">List of academic disciplines</a>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_literature">English literature</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>, including (but not limited to):

<ul><li><a href="African_American_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="African American literature">African American literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">Jewish American literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern literature">Southern literature</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian literature</a></li>

<li><a href="British_literature" title="British literature">British literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_English_literature" title="Indian English literature">Indian English literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li>

<li><a href="South_African_literature#English_literature" title="South African literature">South African literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Literature_of_Wales_(English_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Wales (English language)">Welsh literature</a></li></ul>

<p>Some fields may cover works in languages other than English. The works studied in these fields only fall within the English studies discipline if the object of study is an English-language work.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_fields_of_English_studies">Other fields of English studies</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a> in English</li>

<li>English <a href="Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="English_language_learning_and_teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="English language learning and teaching">English language learning and teaching</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_English_language_(education)" title="History of the English language (education)">History of the English language</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical communication</a></li>

<li><a href="International_English" title="International English">The World of English</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_studies_at_post-secondary_institutions">English studies at post-secondary institutions</h2></div>

<p>The <b>English major</b> (alternatively "English concentration") is a term in the United States and several other countries for an <a href="Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a> <a href="University" title="University">university</a> degree focused around reading, analyzing, and writing texts in the <a href="English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. The term also can be used to describe a student who is pursuing the degree.

</p><p>Prospective English majors can expect to take college courses in <a href="Academic_writing" title="Academic writing">academic writing</a>, <a href="Creative_writing" title="Creative writing">creative writing</a>, <a href="Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a>, <a href="British_literature" title="British literature">British</a> and <a href="United_States" title="United States">American</a> literature, multicultural literature, several literary genres (such as <a href="Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, <a href="Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, and <a href="Film_studies" title="Film studies">film studies</a>), and a number of elective multidisciplinary topics such as <a href="History" title="History">history</a>, courses in the <a href="Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>, and studies in a foreign language. To the end of studying these disciplines, many degree programs also offer training in <a href="Professional_writing" title="Professional writing">professional writing</a> with relations to <a href="Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="Literary_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary analysis">literary analysis</a>, an appreciation for the diversity of cultures, and an ability to clearly and persuasively express their ideas in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div>

<p>The history of English studies at the modern university in Europe begins in the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, English studies comprised a wide variety of content: the practice of oratory, the study of rhetoric and grammar, the composition of poetry, and the appreciation of literature (mostly by authors from England, since American literature and language study was only added in the twentieth century).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany and several other European countries, English <a href="Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, a practice of reading pre-modern texts, became the preferred scholarly paradigm. However, English-speaking countries distanced themselves from philological paradigms soon after World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of this process, many English departments refocused their work on various forms of writing instruction (creative, professional, critical) and the interpreting of literary texts.

</p><p>The English major rose to prominence in <a href="United_States" title="United States">American</a> colleges during the first half of the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided an opportunity for students to develop critical skills in analytical reading with the aim of improving their writing. It focused on exercises in rhetoric and persuasive expression that had been traditionally only taught in <a href="Classical_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical studies">classical studies</a>. Outside the United States (originating in <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and then rippling out into the English-speaking world) the English major became popular in the latter half of the 19th century, during a time when religious beliefs were shaken in the face of scientific discoveries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a> was thought to act as a replacement for <a href="Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> in the retention and advancement of culture, and the English Major thus provided students with the chance to draw <a href="Moral" title="Moral">moral</a>, <a href="Ethical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical">ethical</a>, and <a href="Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> qualities and meanings of older studies from a richer and broader source of literature than that of the ancient <a href="Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> classics.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the 1990s, there was a collective effort by Anglicists to standardize the academic discipline to follow similar methods of analysis and self-evaluation of both English literature and the criticism of said literature. However, after backlash described this standardization as restricting, Anglicists decided to de-standardize the field, meaning that there is no current standard methodology regarding teaching and creating English studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In removing this standardization, many scholars are reconsidering the function of experts in teaching English studies. While the predominant pedagogy focused on a hierarchical approach, with expert Anglicists advising teachers how to teach English studies, emerging discussions call for approaches that value diversity and with it the identities that students of English studies bring to experts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skills_acquired">Skills acquired</h3></div>

<p>The absence of a clearly defined disciplinary identity and the increasingly utilitarian goals in U.S. society present a challenge to those academic units still mostly focusing on the printed book and the traditional division in historical periods and national literatures, and neglecting allegedly non-theoretical areas such as professional writing, composition, and multimodal communication.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, an <a href="Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a> in English usually meant an intensive study of <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="United_States" title="United States">American</a> literary masterpieces. Now, however, an English Major encompasses a much broader range of topics which stretch over multiple disciplines. While the requirements for an English Major vary from university to university, most English departments emphasize three core skills: analyzing texts (a process which requires <a href="Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and reflective analysis), creativity and imagination with regard to the production of good writing, including a good understanding of the <a href="Rhetorical_situation" title="Rhetorical situation">rhetorical situation</a>; and an understanding of different <a href="Cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultures">cultures</a>, <a href="Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilizations">civilizations</a>, and literary styles from various time periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graduates with English degrees develop <a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a> skills essential to a number of career fields they pursue after graduation. Such careers that graduates pursue can include, but are not limited to, <a href="Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, <a href="Editing" title="Editing">editing</a>, <a href="Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a>, <a href="Teaching" title="Teaching">teaching</a>, <a href="Research" title="Research">research</a>, <a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>, <a href="Law" title="Law">law</a>, and <a href="Finance" title="Finance">finance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_opportunities">Career opportunities</h3></div>

<p>An English degree opens a variety of career opportunities for college graduates entering the job market.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since students who graduate with an English degree are trained to ask probing questions about large bodies of texts and then to formulate, analyze, and answer those questions in coherent, persuasive <a href="Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>—skills vital to any number of careers—English majors have much to choose from after graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical career choices for English majors include positions in writing, publishing, teaching, journalism, and human resources. However, there are also career opportunities in fields such as <a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>, <a href="Acting" title="Acting">acting</a>, <a href="Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="Business" title="Business">business</a>, <a href="Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="Information_assurance" title="Information assurance">information assurance</a>, and directing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglicist">Anglicist</h4></div>

<p>An <b>Anglicist</b> is someone who works in the field of English studies. Historically, the term Anglicist has been very loosely defined, with the term mistakenly used in the same vein as Anglist, a label meant for historians and their studies. However, there have been very specific terms used to describe the different disciplines of English studies and those who study them, such as grammarian; a grammarian focused on the study of English grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_studies_at_secondary_schools">English studies at secondary schools</h2></div>

<p>English studies in secondary-schools vary depending on what country they are taught in. Further, English studies will differ between institutions within a country, as each school will have different teaching methods and curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all countries share commonalities in their instruction via the teaching of literature analysis, <a href="Reading_comprehension" title="Reading comprehension">reading comprehension</a>, composition, and language arts, as well as writing skills.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These skills are then expanded and built upon in post-secondary institutions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div>

<p>Students in high school have specific course requirements they must meet before they can graduate. In regards to English studies, students must take four full credits in English, one in each grade level.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, Ontario high school students must also pass a Literacy test.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div>

<p>Students in grades 9–12 learn the skills of critical thinking and analysis by practicing <a href="Close_reading" title="Close reading">close reading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students are asked to draw connections from the texts they are assigned with ideas discussed in class. They are also taught how to analyze fiction and nonfiction works and answer questions using citations from the texts. Overall, most high school English programs follow the <a href="Common_Core" title="Common Core">Common Core</a> Standards, which require students to meet objectives in reading, writing, speaking and listening.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div>

<p>In European secondary schools, the studies of the English language are integrated into regular curriculum. English education is so deeply embedded that Europe as a whole has 91% of secondary school students taking courses in English.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rate goes as high as 100% in <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, and <a href="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, every European country (except <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>) have at least one test administered nationally to assess English proficiencies of its students.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain">Britain</h4></div>

<p>Most British children take English Language and English Literature as <a href="GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> / <a href="National_5" class="mw-redirect" title="National 5">National 5</a> or subjects, and many go on to study these at <a href="A_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="A Level">A Level</a> / <a href="Higher_(Scottish)" title="Higher (Scottish)">Higher</a> and <a href="Advanced_Higher" title="Advanced Higher">Advanced Higher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with what is typically covered in English studies regarding the written analysis of English literature, an emphasis is placed particularly on the prestige of British literature and its importance as a foundational part of English studies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, as is present in the overall discussion of English studies, British educators continue to debate the relevance of <a href="Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> for contemporary teens, with some arguing for more <a href="Modernism" title="Modernism">modern</a> texts and others upholding the virtues of the <a href="Classics" title="Classics">classics</a>. See also <a href="O_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="O Level">O Level</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div>

<p>In China, their school curriculum is more focused on drilling and multiple questions, rather than students understanding the language authentically. This is one method on how a preparatory English program in China teaches their international students.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div>

<p>In Japan, there is another form of teaching called Task-supported language teaching (TSLT) that focuses on English used as a communication tool. English is used as a communication tool, as opposed to literature analysis. This research looks at how a method called TSLT can help in English classes for people who speak English as a foreign language. It studies how students, teachers, and textbooks are important in this method. It also looks at how this method works in a typical Japanese high school class.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Japan Association for Language Teaching focuses on Japanese high school students in the L1 and L2 low writing and reading levels. Their low reading and writing levels in both English and Japanese could be due to them not being taught how.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Academic_English" title="Academic English">Academic English</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Literature_(academic_discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Literature (academic discipline)">American Literature (academic discipline)</a></li>

<li><a href="English_as_a_second_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English as a second language">English as a second language</a></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Literati</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Literary_Research_Guide" title="Literary Research Guide">Literary Research Guide</a></i></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<ul><li>O'Hara, Shelly. <i>What Can You Do with a Major in English.</i> Hoboken: Wiley Publishing Inc., 2005. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7645-7605-4</bdi></li>

<li>The University of Chicago <i>Courses and Programs of Study</i> The College 2006–2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://collegecatalog.uchicago.edu/">[2]</a></li>

<li>de Vane, William Clyde. <i>The English Major.</i> <a href="College_English" title="College English">College English</a>, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Oct., 1941), pp. 47–52 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/371332">[3]</a></li>

<li>On the History of the English Major, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ian/arnold.htm">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402071252/http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ian/arnold.htm">Archived</a> 2010-04-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228011227/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/03/06/the-end-of-the-english-major">The End of the English Major</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essEnglish.org/">European Society for the Study of English</a> (ESSE)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isle-linguistics.org/">International Society for the Linguistics of English</a> (ISLE)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ade.org/">Association of Departments of English</a> in the US and Canada</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130411055531/http://www.ncte.org/cccc">Conference on College Composition and Communication</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.English.org/">International English Honour Society</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/">Modern Language Association (<i>MLA</i>)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401144153/http://www.mla.org/related_professional">Professional organizations Related to the <i>MLA</i></a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Humanities54" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Humanities54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Classics" title="Classics">Classical studies</a></li>

<li><a href="History" title="History">History</a></li>

<li><a href="The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Language arts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li>

<li><a href="Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interdisciplinary_fields24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_humanities" title="Health humanities">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_humanities" title="Medical humanities">Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a>

<li><a href="General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">General knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>

<li> <a href="Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Liberal arts education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li>

<li><a href="Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li>

<li><a href="Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li>

<li><i><a href="History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li>

<li><a href="Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li>

<li><a href="Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li>

<li><a href="Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li>

<li><a href="Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Humanities%2C_arts%2C_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_humanities_field" title="List of people considered a founder in a humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a humanities field</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_literature61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="English_literature61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_English_literature" title="Middle English literature">Middle English</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">Early English Jewish</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan</a></li>

<li><a href="Restoration_literature" title="Restoration literature">Restoration</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustan_literature" title="Augustan literature">Augustan</a></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Romanticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian</a></li>

<li><a href="Twentieth-century_English_literature" title="Twentieth-century English literature">Twentieth century</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional/ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="American_literature" title="American literature">American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African American</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Sign_Language_literature" title="American Sign Language literature">American Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab_American_literature" title="Arab American literature">Arab American</a></li>

<li><a href="Asian_American_literature" title="Asian American literature">Asian American</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Catholic_literature" title="American Catholic literature">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicago_literature" title="Chicago literature">Chicago</a></li>

<li><a href="Franco_American_literature" title="Franco American literature">Franco American</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_literature" title="Hawaiian literature">Hawaii</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">Jewish American</a></li>

<li><a href="Latino_literature" title="Latino literature">Latino</a></li>

<li><a href="Literature_of_New_England" title="Literature of New England">New England</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Mexican_literature" title="New Mexican literature">New Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_United_States_literature" title="Southern United States literature">Southern</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_literature" title="Texas literature">Texas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="British_literature" title="British literature">British</a> and <a href="Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a></li>

<li><a href="Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bangladeshi_English_literature" title="Bangladeshi English literature">Bangladeshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_literature_in_English" title="Philippine literature in English">Filipino</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_English_literature" title="Indian English literature">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pakistani_English_literature" title="Pakistani English literature">Pakistani</a></li>

<li><a href="South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Celtic literature</a></li>

<li><a href="English_drama" title="English drama">English drama</a></li>

<li><a href="English_poetry" title="English poetry">English poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_literature" title="Western literature">European literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_American_Novel" title="Great American Novel">Great American Novel</a></li>

<li>Indigenous literatures

<ul><li><a href="Native_American_literature" title="Native American literature">Native American</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_literatures_in_Canada" title="Indigenous literatures in Canada">Canadian Indigenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_Australian_literature" title="Indigenous Australian literature">Australian Indigenous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">Literary fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">Postcolonial literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Women's writing in English</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regional_cultural_studies41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional_cultural_studies41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional <a href="Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="African_studies" title="African studies">African</a></li>

<li><a href="Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li>

<li><a href="American_studies" title="American studies">American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asian_American_studies" title="Asian American studies">Asian American</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Latino_studies" title="Latino studies">Latino</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_studies" title="Native American studies">Native American</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aramaic_studies" title="Aramaic studies">Aramaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_studies" title="Armenian studies">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Aromanian_studies" title="Aromanian studies">Aromanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Asian_studies" title="Asian studies">Asian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Central_Asian_studies" title="Central Asian studies">Central Asian</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Asian_studies" title="East Asian studies">East Asian</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Middle Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeast_Asian_studies" title="Southeast Asian studies">Southeast Asian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian</a></li>

<li><a href="Belarusian_studies" title="Belarusian studies">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_studies" title="Bengal studies">Bengal</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Canadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicano_studies" title="Chicano studies">Chicano</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_studies" title="Czech studies">Czech</a></li>

<li><a href="Circumpolar_studies" title="Circumpolar studies">Circumpolar</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptology" title="Coptology">Coptology</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatian_studies" title="Croatian studies">Croatian</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a></li>

<li><a href="Eskimology" title="Eskimology">Eskimology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_studies" title="Ethiopian studies">Ethiopian</a></li>

<li><a href="European_studies" title="European studies">European</a>

<ul><li><a href="Balkan_studies" title="Balkan studies">Balkan</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_European_studies" title="Central European studies">Central European</a></li>

<li><a href="Scandinavian_studies" title="Scandinavian studies">Scandinavian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugoslav_studies" title="Yugoslav studies">Yugoslav</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Filipinology" title="Filipinology">Filipinology</a></li>

<li><a href="German_studies" title="German studies">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_studies" title="Hawaiian studies">Hawaiian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebraist" title="Hebraist">Hebraic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellenic_studies" title="Hellenic studies">Hellenic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_studies" title="Hungarian studies">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_studies" title="Irish studies">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_studies" title="Italian studies">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_studies" title="Japanese studies">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Jewish</a></li>

<li><a href="Kartvelian_studies" title="Kartvelian studies">Kartvelian</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_studies" title="Korean studies">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Kremlinology" title="Kremlinology">Kremlinology</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin American</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_studies" title="Macedonian studies">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaean_studies" title="Mandaean studies">Mandaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_studies" title="Mongolian studies">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand_studies" title="New Zealand studies">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Oriental</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_studies" title="Pacific studies">Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_studies" title="Polish studies">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Romance_studies" title="Romance studies">Romance</a></li>

<li><a href="Romani_studies" title="Romani studies">Romani</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_studies" title="Russian studies">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_studies" title="Scottish studies">Scottish</a></li>

<li><a href="Semitic_studies" title="Semitic studies">Semitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbian_studies" title="Serbian studies">Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinology" title="Sinology">Sinology</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavic_studies" title="Slavic studies">Slavic</a></li>

<li><a href="Somali_studies" title="Somali studies">Somali</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_studies" title="Syriac studies">Syriac</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwan_studies" title="Taiwan studies">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_studies" title="Ukrainian studies">Ukrainian</a></li>

<li><a href="Welsh_studies" title="Welsh studies">Welsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhuang_studies" title="Zhuang studies">Zhuang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li>

<li>Culture by location</li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27968#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27968#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/912245">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002046-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="English philology"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85043929">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Philologie anglaise"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028971s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Philologie anglaise"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028971s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561844">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="anglistika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118464&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="anglická filologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118444&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Filología inglesa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX529792">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548266505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/0fdb1d4f-ad02-4096-9d0f-22e995fcc067">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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